Torsión esplénica / Splenic Torsion

Introducción: El síndrome de torsión se incluye dentro de los síndromes que causan abdomen agudo quirúrgico. Como causa poco frecuente de este síndrome se encuentra la torsión esplénica en bazos que tienen anomalía en su fijación. Objetivo: Informar sobre la evolución de una paciente tratada por torsión de un bazo errante. Presentación del caso: Paciente de ocho años de edad, femenina, de color no blanco de la piel, con antecedentes de dolor abdominal crónico recurrente, que acudió al Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Pediátrico de Cienfuegos Paquito González Cueto con dolor abdominal agudo, intermitente, de 48 horas de evolución, vómitos, abdomen doloroso a la palpación profunda en cuadrante superior izquierdo y masa palpable en flanco lateral del mismo lado de tres cm. Se sospechó una torsión esplénica. Se realizó, como complementario diagnóstico ultrasonido abdominal Doppler y tomografía contrastada de abdomen. Se hizo laparotomía y se encontró bazo torcido, con cambios de coloración por la isquemia, que recuperó su color normal después de la destorsión. Se fijó el órgano a la pared abdominal. La evolución posquirúrgica resultó satisfactoria. Conclusiones: La torsión esplénica, aunque infrecuente, debe sospecharse en pacientes con dolor intermitente y masa palpable, principalmente en flanco lateral izquierdo. La tomografía contrastada resulta el examen diagnóstico de elección y se requiere de un diagnóstico temprano para poder conservar el bazo, órgano muy importante para una mejor función inmunológica en los niños(AU)

Introduction: Torsion syndrome is included among the syndromes causing acute surgical abdomen. A rare cause of this syndrome is splenic torsion in spleens with abnormal fixation. Objective: To report on the evolution of a patient treated for torsion of an errant spleen. Case presentation: Eight-year-old female patient, non-white skin color, with a history of recurrent chronic abdominal pain, who attended the Emergency Department of the Paquito González Cueto Pediatric Hospital of Cienfuegos with intermittent acute abdominal pain of 48 hours of evolution, vomiting, painful abdomen on deep palpation in the left upper quadrant and palpable mass in the lateral flank of the same side measuring three centimeters. Splenic torsion was suspected. Doppler abdominal ultrasound and contrasted tomography of the abdomen were performed as a complementary diagnosis. Laparotomy was performed and the spleen was found to be twisted, with changes in color due to ischemia, which recovered its normal color after detorsion. The organ was fixed to the abdominal wall. The postoperative evolution was satisfactory. Conclusions: Splenic torsion, although rare, should be suspected in patients with intermittent pain and palpable mass, mainly in the left lateral flank. Contrast tomography is the diagnostic test of choice and early diagnosis is required to preserve the spleen, a very important organ for better immune function in children(AU)

Infecciones periprotésicas en artroplastia total de rodilla: ¿cuál es nuestra realidad? / Periprosthetic infections in total knee arthroplasty: what is our reality?

INTRODUCCIÓN La infección periprotésica (IPP) es una de las complicaciones más serias en una artroplastia total de rodilla (ATR). Pese a esto, existe poca literatura chilena respecto de esta patología. OBJETIVOS Determinar la incidencia, las comorbilidades, los microorganismos aislados y su susceptibilidad antibiótica, y la morbimortalidad en pacientes con IPP. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo en pacientes operados entre 2001 y 2020 por gonartrosis, con una ATR primaria, en un mismo centro de salud, con al menos 1 año de seguimiento. Se excluyeron pacientes operados en otros centros o con registros clínicos incompletos. Se registraron las comorbilidades, los microorganismos aislados, la susceptibilidad antibiótica, y la sobrevida por medio de una búsqueda sistemática de las fichas clínicas de los pacientes con IPP. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para presentar los datos. RESULTADOS Se incluyeron 544 ATRs, de las cuales 8 (1,47%) presentaron IPP, y los pacientes tenían una edad promedio de presentación de 66 (±5,7) años, e índice de masa corporal (IMC) promedio de 30,3 (±4,5) kg/m2. La mediana de tiempo de presentación de la IPP fue de 411 (±1.034) días. Las principales comorbilidades registradas fueron hipertensión arterial en 5 (62,5%), tabaquismo en 4 (50%) casos, y dislipidemia in 4 (50%) casos. En total, 5 (62,5%) pacientes presentaron etiología polimicrobiana, y en 3 (37,5%) se aisló un solo microorganismo. Los principales agentes aislados fueron Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo, ambos multirresistentes, en 6 (75%) y 3 (37,5%) pacientes respectivamente. Todos los pacientes recibieron tres dosis de cefazolina como profilaxis quirúrgica. Se describe una sensibilidad del 100% frente a vancomicina y rifampicina (12/12 cultivos), y una resistencia del 83,4% al ciprofloxacino (4/9 cultivos). Un total de 2 (25%) pacientes fallecieron después de 3 años de la ATR por causas no relacionadas con la IPP. No hubo casos de recidiva infecciosa tras la revisión. CONCLUSIÓN Se encontró una incidencia de 1,47% (8 casos) de IPP. Todos los pacientes con IPP presentaron alguna comorbilidad prequirúrgica. Los principales agentes microbiológicos identificados fueron multirresistentes y susceptibles a vancomicina y rifampicina.

INTRODUCTION Periprosthetic infection (PPI) is one of the most serious complications in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Despite this, there is little Chilean literature regarding this pathology. OBJETIVES To determine the incidence, comorbidities, isolated microorganisms and their antibiotic susceptibility, morbidity, and mortality in patients with PPI. MATERIALS AND METHODS A descriptive and retrospective study in patients operated between 2001 and 2020 for gonarthrosis, with a primary TKA, in the same health center, with at least 1 year of follow-up. Patients operated on in other centers or with incomplete clinical records were excluded. Comorbidities, isolated microorganisms, antibiotic susceptibility, and survival were recorded through a systematic search of the clinical records of patients with PPI. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data. RESULTS We included 544 TKAs, 8 (1.47%) of which presented PPI, and the patients had an average age at presentation of 66 years ( 5.7 years) and an average body mass index (BMI) of 30.3 ( 4, 5) kg/m2 . The median time of presentation of the PPI was of 411 ( 1,034) days. The main comorbidities recorded were arterial hypertension in 5 (62.5%), smoking in 4 (50%) cases, and dyslipidemia in 4 (50%) cases. In total, 5 (62.5%) patients presented polymicrobial etiology, and in 3 (37.5%), a single microorganism was isolated. The main isolated agents were Staphylococcus aureus and coagulasenegative Staphylococcus, both multidrug-resistant, in 6 (75%) and 3 (37.5%) patients respectively. All patients received three doses of cefazolin as surgical prophylaxis. A sensitivity of 100% to vancomycin and rifampicin (12/12 cultures), and a resistance of 83.4% to ciprofloxacin (4/9 cultures) were described. Overall, 2 (25%) patients died 3 years after the TKA, due to causes unrelated to PPI. There were no cases of infectious relapse after the review. CONCLUSION An incidence of 1.47% (8 cases) of PPI was found. All patients with PPI presented some presurgical comorbidity. The main microbiological agents identified were multidrug-resistant and susceptible to vancomycin and rifampicin

Plastia mitral en endocarditis infecciosa: reporte de un caso / Mitral valve repair in infective endocarditis: a case report / Plastia mitral em endocardite infecciosa: relato de um caso

La endocarditis infecciosa es una patología heterogénea con una alta mortalidad y requiere tratamiento quirúrgico en al menos la mitad de los casos. Cuando asienta en posición mitral, la reparación valvular en lugar de su sustitución, si bien representa un desafío técnico, ha ido ganando terreno en los últimos años. Describimos el caso de un paciente que se presentó con una endocarditis sobre válvula nativa mitral en quien se realizó una plastia valvular exitosa. Revisaremos la evidencia acerca de su beneficio.

Infective endocarditis is a heterogeneous disease with a high mortality and that requires surgical treatment in at least half of cases. When seated in mitral position, valve repair rather than replacement, while technically challenging, has been gaining popularity in recent years. We describe the case of a patient who presented with a mitral valve endocarditis in whom a successful valve repair was performed. Evidence supporting its use will be reviewed.

A endocardite infecciosa é uma doença heterogênea com alta mortalidade que requer tratamento cirúrgico em pelo menos metade dos casos. Quando sentado na posição mitral, o reparo da válvula, em vez da substituição da válvula, embora seja um desafio técnico, tem ganhado espaço nos últimos anos. Descrevemos o caso de um paciente que apresentou endocardite valvar mitral nativa, no qual foi realizada plastia valvar com sucesso. Vamos revisar as evidências sobre o seu benefício.

A comparison of the efficacy of single-dose Cefazolin versus single-dose Cefazolin plus 7-day Mupirocin ointment wound application in preventing surgical site infection among patients undergoing major Obstetric and Gynecologic procedures at a tertiary university hospital: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Background@#Surgical site infection (SSI) is a common complication among all surgical cases. It is the most common nosocomial infection identified in the developing world with pooled incidence of 11.8 per 100 surgical procedures. In our institution, the SSI rate in major obstetric and gynecologic cases in years 2000–2013 is 12.68%. @*Objective@#To compare the efficacy of a single-dose cefazolin versus a single dose cefazolin plus 7-day mupirocin ointment wound application in preventing SSI among women undergoing major obstetric and gynecologic abdominal surgical procedures.@*Materials and Methods@#The study included are 164 female participants, aged 18–65 years old who underwent major obstetric and gynecologic surgical procedures. Participants were randomly assigned to Groups A and B, wherein all participants were given single dose of 2 g cefazolin, intravenous, 30 min before skin incision. For the participants in Group B, an additional 7-day application of mupirocin ointment on incisional wound during the postoperative period was given. Assessment for occurrence of SSI and healing time using a standardized collection tool and Southampton wound scoring system, respectively, was done on the 8th, 15th, and 30th postoperative days. @*Results@#The incidence of SSI is 2.45% (4 out of 164 participants). It was slightly higher in the Cefazolin only arm having three cases, while only one case in the Cefazolin plus mupirocin group. However, the difference of SSI occurrence between the two groups is not statistically significant. Wound healing time was also evaluated which was comparable between treatment groups.@*Conclusion@#Single dose Cefazolin plus 7-day once daily Mupirocin ointment application is comparable to single dose of cefazolin in preventing SSI in patients undergoing major low-risk obstetric and gynecologic surgeries. Therefore, the addition of mupirocin in uncomplicated major obstetric and gynecologic surgical cases is not cost-beneficial.

Comparación de dos protocolos de antibiótico profiláctico en implantes de dispositivos de estimulación cardíaca. "COMPROFILAXIA" / Comparison of two prophylactic antibiotic protocols in implantable cardiac stimulation devices: "COMPROFILAXIA"

Resumen Introducción: El aumento de los implantes de dispositivos de estimulación cardiaca en los últimos años, aunado a la longevidad y al perfil de morbilidad de los pacientes, ha hecho que la incidencia de infecciones asociadas a estos procedimientos aumente. Sin embargo, existe disparidad en Colombia y en el mundo respecto al esquema apropiado de profilaxis antibiótica. Objetivo: Evaluar la incidencia de infecciones postoperatorias con dos protocolos de antibiótico-profilaxia. Métodos: Ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado en el que se incluyeron 360 pacientes que recibieron implante de dispositivos cardíacos y fueron aleatorizados en dos grupos para recibir una dosis de antibiótico (cefazolina 1 g) (240 pacientes) o tres dosis (120 pacientes). Se realizó seguimiento durante un año. El desenlace principal fue la incidencia de infecciones postoperatorias. Resultados: No se observó una diferencia significativa entre la incidencia de infección postoperatoria en los dos grupos (tres dosis vs. una dosis: OR crudo 0.92; IC95% 0.23 - 3.64; p 0.912), con una tasa de 2.9% (7/238) en el grupo de una dosis y de 2.7% (3/110) en el grupo de tres dosis. Tras el análisis multivariado se identificó a la enfermedad renal crónica como un predictor independiente para el desarrollo de complicaciones infecciosas (OR ajustado 4.71; IC95% 1,13 - 19,60). Conclusión: El uso de un protocolo de única dosis de antibiótico profiláctico una hora antes del implante de dispositivos de estimulación cardiaca parece no ser inferior al protocolo de tres dosis postoperatorias.

Abstract Introduction: The increase in implantable cardiac stimulation devices in the last few years, along with the longevity and morbidity characteristics of the patient, has led to an increase in infections associated with these procedures. However, there are differences in Colombia and in the rest of the world as regards a suitable antibiotic prophylaxis scheme. Objective: To evaluate the incidence of post-operative infections with two antibiotic prophylaxis protocols. Methods: A controlled, randomised clinical trial was performed, in which 360 patients that had received a cardiac device implant were randomised into two groups: one with 240 patients to receive one dose of antibiotic (1 g cephazolin), and another of 120 patients to receive 3 doses. The patients were followed-up for one year. The primary outcome was the incidence of post-operative infections. Results: No significant difference was observed in the incidence of post-operative infections between the two groups (three doses versus one dose: crude OR, 0.92; 95% CI; 0.23 - 3.64; P = .912), with a rate of 2.9% (7/238) in the one-dose group, and 2.7% (3/110) in the three-dose group. After the multivariate analysis, chronic kidney disease was identified as an independent predictor of developing infectious complications (adjusted OR = 4.71; 95% CI; 1.13 - 19.60). Conclusion: The use of a single-dose prophylaxis antibiotic protocol one hour before the implantation of cardiac stimulator devices does not appear to be inferior to the three-dose post-operative protocol.

Cefazolin sodium pentahydrate combined with vacuum sealing drainage in the treatment of open fracture complicated with soft tissue injury

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical efficacy of cefazolin sodium pentahydrate combined with vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) in the treatment of open fracture complicated with soft tissue injury. METHODS Sixty-three patients with open fracture complicated with soft tissue injury were divided into observation (n = 33) and control (n = 30) groups. After surgical reduction, fixation, and repair of the fractures, the control group was treated with VSD for 10 days, and the observation group was treated with cefazolin sodium pentahydrate based on VSD for 10 days. The infection control time was recorded. After treatment, the pain of patients was evaluated. Before and after treatment, the serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucose were detected. After 6 months of treatment, the total effective rate of the treatment was evaluated. RESULTS The infection control time and Visual Analogue Scale score after treatment in the observation group were significantly lower than in the control group, respectively (P < 0.05). After the treatment, the serum levels of CRP, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucose in each group were significantly lower than before the treatment (P < 0.05), and each index in observation was significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In the treatment of open fractures complicated with soft tissue injury, cefazolin sodium pentahydrate combined with VSD can effectively reduce inflammation and stress, thus improving the treatment efficacy.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar a eficácia clínica do cefazolin penta-hidrato de sódio combinado com drenagem por vedação a vácuo (VSD) no tratamento da fratura exposta complicada com lesão nos tecidos moles. MÉTODOS Sessenta e três doentes com fratura exposta complicada com lesões nos tecidos moles foram divididos em grupos de observação (n=33) e controle (n=30). Após redução cirúrgica, fixação e reparação da fratura, o grupo de controle foi tratado com VSD durante dez dias e o grupo de observação foi tratado com cefazolina penta-hidrato de sódio com base no VSD durante dez dias. O tempo de controle de infecção foi gravado. Após o tratamento, a dor dos doentes foi avaliada. Antes e após o tratamento, foram detectados os níveis séricos de proteína C-reativa (CRP), interleucina (IL)-6, IL -8, fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α), cortisol, epinefrina, norepinefrina e glicose. Após seis meses de tratamento, a taxa efetiva total de tratamento foi avaliada. RESULTADOS O tempo de controle da infecção e a pontuação da Escala Visual Analógica após o tratamento no grupo de observação foram significativamente inferiores ao do grupo de controle, respectivamente (P<0,05). Após o tratamento, os níveis séricos de CRP, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, cortisol, epinefrina, norepinefrina e glicose em cada grupo foram significativamente menores do que antes do tratamento, respectivamente (P<0,05), e cada índice de observação foi significativamente inferior ao do grupo de controle (P<0,05). CONCLUSÃO No tratamento da fratura exposta complicada com lesões nos tecidos moles, o cefazolin penta-hidrato de sódio combinado com VSD pode efetivamente reduzir a inflamação e o estresse, melhorando assim a eficácia do tratamento.

Rabbit growth plate morphology in temporary bilateral blocking / Morfología de la placa de crecimiento de conejos durante bloqueo bilateral temporario

Blocking of the growth plate (GP) using plates with screws (tension band plating) is a modern method used to correct deformities and moderate leg length discrepancy in growing children. Determining the duration of temporary bilateral blocking without the occurrence of irreversible changes of GP is of paramount importance important. Methods: Two-month-old Californian breed male rabbits (n=30) were exposed to bilateral blocking of the distal GP of the right femur locking plates with screws for 3, 5, and 7 weeks. The fixators were removed after 5 and 7 weeks in 18 rabbits and 3 weeks after that, animals were sacri!ced. The contralateral limb was used as a control. Histological, histomorphometric, and X-ray analyses were performed. Results: During GP blocking, its height gradually decreased. This decreased was more pronounced after 7 weeks. Destructive changes progressed with an increase in the blocking duration. Three weeks after discontinuation of the bilateral blocking that lasted 5 weeks, the height of the GP signi!cantly increased 1.2 times on the lateral side and 1.9 times on the medial side (p<0.001) compared to the control. When blocking was discontinued after 7 weeks, the structure of the GP was partially restored after 3 weeks, the height of GP signi!cantly increased 1.2 times on the lateral side, and 1.07 times on the medial side (p<0.01) compared to the control. Conclusion: Restoration of the structuralfunctional features of the GP after the removal of the plates depends on the duration of temporary bilateral blocking, which must be taken into account in the clinical setting. (AU)

El bloqueo de la placa de crecimiento (PC) utilizando placas con tornillos (banda de tensión) es un método moderno utilizado para corregir deformidades y alteraciones moderadas en la longitud de las piernas en niños en crecimiento. Es de suma importancia determinar cuál debe ser la duración del bloqueo bilateral temporal sin que ocurran cambios irreversibles en la PC. Métodos: Conejos machos de raza californiana de dos meses de edad (n = 30) fueron expuestos al bloqueo bilateral de la PC distal colocando placas del fémur derecho con tornillos durante 3, 5 y 7 semanas. Los fijadores fueron retirados después de 5 y 7 semanas en 18 de los conejos, y 3 semanas después los animales fueron sacrificados. La extremidad contralateral se utilizó como control. Se realizaron análisis histológicos, histomorfométricos y de rayos X. Resultados: Durante el bloqueo de la PC, su altura disminuyó gradualmente. Esta disminución fue más pronunciada después de 7 semanas. Los cambios destructivos se incrementaron a medida aumentaba la duración del bloqueo. Tres semanas después de la interrupción del bloqueo bilateral que duró 5 semanas, la altura de la PC aumentó significativamente 1.2 veces en el lado lateral y 1.9 veces en el lado medial (p <0.001) en comparación con el control. Conclusión: La restauración de las características funcionales estructurales de la PC después de la extracción de las placas depende de la duración del bloqueo bilateral temporal, lo que debería tenerse en cuenta en el tratamiento clínico de estas alteraciones. (AU)

Hernia de Spiegel. A propósito de un caso / Spiegelian hernia. A propos of a case

RESUMEN La hernia de Spiegel es un defecto raro de la pared abdominal. Su diagnóstico se hace muy difícil por lo infrecuente y por la dificultad para diferenciarla de la hernia inguinal supravesical. Precisamente, por lo poco común, los médicos muchas veces no valoran seriamente la presencia de esta variedad de hernia. Constituye una patología en la que el diagnóstico al igual que el resto de las hernias de la pared abdominal, es esencialmente clínico. El objetivo de este trabajo es informar un caso con un tipo de hernia poco común. Paciente de 50 años de edad, de color de piel blanca, obesa, multípara de procedencia urbana, con antecedentes personales patológico de relativa buena salud. Acudió a consulta por presentar dolor en la región inferior derecha, en la unión del flanco derecho con el mesogastrio, desde hacía varios meses. Fue diagnosticada con una hernia de Spiegel. Se le realizaron los estudios correspondientes fue intervenida quirúrgicamente realizándose hernioplastia.

ABSTRACT Spiegelian hernia is a rare defect of the abdominal wall. Its diagnosis is very difficult because of its infrequency and the difficult of differentiating it from the supravesical inguinal hernia. Precisely due to its infrequence the doctors usually do not seriously evaluate the presence of this kind of hernia. It is a pathology in which, like in the rest of the abdominal wall hernias, the diagnosis is essentially clinical. The aim of this work is to report a case of a patient with an uncommon kind of hernia: a female, obese, multiparous, white patient, aged 50 years, from urban precedence, with personal pathological antecedents of relatively good health, assisted the consultation presenting pain in the right inferior region, in the place where the right flank meets the mesogastrium for several months. She was diagnosed a Spiegel's hernia. The correspondent studies were carried out and she underwent a hernioplasty.

Características clínico-epidemiológicas y evolución del tratamiento en pacientes con úlceras corneales / Clinical-epidemiological characteristics and treatment evolution of patients with corneal ulcer

Las úlceras corneales de origen infeccioso son una emergencia oftalmológica que amenaza la visión y la integridad estructural del ojo, causando ceguera en 1,5 a 2 millones de casos al año por lo que requiere tratamiento inmediato. El objetivo fue determinar el patrón epidemiológico, factores de riesgo y efectividad del tratamiento en pacientes con úlcera corneal en la Fundación Visión en el periodo 2015-2017. Estudio de cohorte prospectivo donde se evaluó 53 pacientes con úlcera corneal de causa infecciosa que consultaron en la Fundación Visión en el periodo 2015-2017, y tuvieron un seguimiento mínimo de 4 meses. Se encontró un predominio del sexo masculino (69,8%), edad 45-65 años (49,1%), casados (54,7%), de condición socioeconómica baja (56,6%), agricultores (26,4%), con antecedente de traumatismo corneal (69,8%) o uso de lentes de contacto (17%). El agente etiológico fue bacteriano en el 49,1% y micótico en el 37,7%; para los de origen bacteriano el tratamiento más empleado fueron colirios fortificados de Cefazolina + Gentamicina y Natamicina/Fluconazol en caso de ser micótico. La evolución fue favorable en 90,9% y 80,0% de los bacterianos y micóticos, respectivamente. Los grupos de riesgo detectados fueron pacientes varones, agricultores, de condición socioeconómica baja, con antecedente de traumatismo corneal o uso de lentes de contacto. La efectividad del tratamiento utilizado fue mayor al 80%, siendo en su mayoría patógenos bacterianos(AU)

Radial Keratoneuritis in Aeromonas Keratitis

PURPOSE: We report a case of Aeromonas keratitis presenting as radial keratoneuritis. CASE SUMMARY: A 33-year-old woman with a history of cleaning her contact lenses with tap water presented with decreased visual acuity for 1 day in the left eye. The patient showed diffuse corneal edema, stromal infiltration, and radial keratoneuritis, which were thought to be pathognomonic for Aeromonas keratitis. Based on the patient's clinical findings and past history, a diagnosis of Aeromonas keratitis was made and she was prescribed topical fortified cefazolin (50 mg/mL, 5%), tobramycin (3 mg/mL), and 0.02% chlorhexidine per hour. Culture results from the contact lens and contact lens solution confirmed infection by Aeromonas hydrophilia. Polymerase chain reaction results for Aeromonas were negative. After 8 days of treatment, the uncorrected visual acuity was 0.7/0.3 with improvement in her corneal findings. CONCLUSIONS: Radial keratoneuritis is not always pathognomic for Aeromonas keratitis and can be present in Aeromonas keratitis. Therefore, ophthalmologists should be cautious when interpreting this clinical sign.

Results of Intradermal Skin Testing with Cefazolin according to a History of Hypersensitivity to Antibiotics

Complicaciones infecciosas asociadas a la nefrolitotomía percutánea en un hospital universitario de Colombia / Infectious Complications Associated to Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in a Teaching Hospital from Colombia

Introducción La Nefrolitotomía Percutánea (NLP), es una técnica mínimamente invasiva empleada para el manejo de los cálculos de gran tamaño. Diferentes tipos de complicaciones se pueden presentar después de ese procedimiento. El propósito de este estudio es establecer la frecuencia y características asociadas, de las complicaciones infecciosas de los pacientes sometidos a NLP en un hospital universitario de cuarto nivel de atención que es un centro de remisión de pacientes con patología urológica. Materiales y Métodos Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo que evalúa 164 pacientes sometidos a NLP en el Hospital Universitario de San José de Bogotá (Colombia) desde enero 2010 hasta diciembre del 2014. Se buscó la incidencia de cualquier tipo de complicación infecciosa durante los 30 días del post operatorio. Se recolectó información concerniente a los antecedentes de hospitalización, uso de antibióticos, infección del tracto urinario, características del cálculo, profilaxis empleada, cultivos realizados, patrón de sensibilidad, necesidad de cambio de antibiótico y evolución. Resultados Se incluyeron 164 pacientes, de los cuales 12,8% presentaron complicaciones infecciosas. El 95% de los pacientes pertenecían al sexo femenino, la infección más frecuente fue la de la vía urinaria (86%) y el microorganismo identificado con mayor frecuencia fue Escherichia coli que presentó solo un 42% de sensibilidad a la cefazolina. El 61,90% (13) de los pacientes presentaron sepsis, encontrando una mayor frecuencia en aquellos con antecedentes de: infección de vías urinaria (84,62%), hospitalización por cirugía (46,12%), cálculos >25 mm (92,31%) y densidad >1000 UH (38,46%). Conclusiones Las infecciones son una de las complicaciones descritas posterior a una NLP debido a la destrucción de cálculos infecciosos de gran carga litíasica y asociados a la obstrucción del tracto urinario. Con el fin de minimizar ese riesgo, se debe administrar la profilaxis adecuada establecida de acuerdo a los factores de riesgo del paciente y a la epidemiología local. Es importante realizar cultivos de los fragmentos del cálculo con el fin de instaurar el antibiótico apropiado en caso de presentarse una infección.

Introduction The NLP is a minimal invasive technique used for handling big size calculus. Different kind of complications may be presented after this procedure. The purpose of this study is to stablish the frequency and the associated features of the infectious complications of the patients who underwent NLP in a university hospital which is a reference center. Materials and Methods A Descriptive, retrospective survey evaluating 164 patients undergoing PNL in San Jose University hospital from January 2010 to December 2014. The incidence of any type of infectious complication was sought within 30 days after surgery. Information concerning hospitalization history, use of antibiotics, urinary tract infection, stone characteristics, prophylaxis used, cultures made, sensitivity pattern, the need for antibiotic change and evolution was collected. Results 164 patients were included, in which 12,8% of them presented infectious complications. 95% of the patients were females, urinary infection (86%) was the most frequent among them and the most recognized microorganism was Escherichia coli, in which only 42% had cefazolin sensitivity. 61,90% (13) of the patients presented sepsis, with higher frequency on those with history of: urinary infection (84,63%), surgery hospitalization (46,12%), stones > 25 mm (92,31%) and density > 1000 UH (38,46%) Conclusions The infections are one of the complications described after a PNL due to the destruction of infectious stones of great lithiasic mass and associated to urinary tract obstruction. To minimize this risk, the right prophylaxis must be established according to the risk factors of the patient and the local epidemiology. It is important to do stone fragments cultures with the purpose of implementing the appropriate antibiotic in case an infection is presented.

Patrón sensibilidad/resistencia en los urocultivos de pacientes con I.T.U. que consultan a urgencias de adultos, Hospital de San José entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2014 / Pattern Sensitivity/Resistance in the Urocultives of Patients with U.T.I. who Consult Adult Urgencies, San Jose Hospital between January 2014 and December 2014

Introducción: La infección del tracto urinario (ITU) es un motivo de consulta frecuente en urgencias, siendo necesario el tratamiento antibiótico empírico antes de obtener un urocultivo. Objetivo Determinar el patrón de sensibilidad/resistencia de los gérmenes aislados en los urocultivos de pacientes que ingresan por urgencias de adultos con sintomatología sugestiva de ITU. Métodos Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal, recolectando los datos de los urocultivos de pacientes con diagnóstico de ITU que asistieron por urgencias adultos, y cumplieron los criterios de inclusión en el año 2014. Resultados Se analizaron 133 pacientes (133 urocultivos), 50,4% mujeres, edad promedio de 64,1 años (DE 19,1). Se encontró una frecuencia mayor de ITU alta (54,9%), e ITU no complicada (54,1%), la mayoría de origen en la comunidad (95,5%). El germen más frecuentemente aislado fue E. coli (56,4%), seguido por Klebsiella oxytoca (7,1%). La resistencia de E. coli fue del 55,7% para ampicilina sulbactam, 58,2% para nitrofurantoina, 40% para quinolonas y 32% para cefazolina. En pacientes con factores de riesgo urológico se encontró una resistencia entre el 40% al 50%. Se evidenció patrón BLEA (12,9%), AMPc (20%) y KPC (1,4%). Conclusión Los uropatógenos han aumentado de forma significativa su resistencia a las diferentes familias de antibióticos, entre ellas las cefalosporinas y las quinolonas, confirmando que medicamentos como ampicilina sulbactam, nitrofurantoina, y ciprofloxacina no están indicados en el manejo empírico de ITU en nuestra institución, especialmente al presentar factores de riesgo urológicos.

Introduction Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a frequent cause for assistance to the emergency services, in most cases is necessary initiate empirical antimicrobial management while obtaining the result of the uroculture. Therefore, it is vital to know the pattern of sensitivity/resistance of the most frequent uropathogens and thus offer the best initial treatment. Objective To determine the pattern of sensitivity / resistance of isolated germs in the urine cultures of adults patients admitted to the emergency room with UTI suggestive symptoms. Methods An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted, collecting urine culture data from patients diagnosed with UTI who were attended in adult emergencies in 2014. Results A total of 133 patients were analyzed (133 urine cultures), 50.4% were women, with average age of 64.1 years (SD 19.1). Higher frequency of high urinary tract infection was found (54.9%), and uncomplicated UTI (54.1%), most UTI originated in the community (95.5%). The most frequently isolated germ was E. coli (56.4%), followed by Klebsiella oxytoca (7.1%). The resistance of E. coli was 55.7% for ampicillin sulbactam, 58.2% for nitrofurantoin, 40% for quinolones and 32% for cefazolin. In patients with urological risk factors, resistance was found between 40% and 50%. BLEA pattern (12.9%), cAMP (20%) and KPC (1.4%) were evidenced. Conclusion Uropathogens have significantly increased their resistance to different families of antibiotics, including cephalosporins and quinolones, confirming that drugs such as ampicillin sulbactam, nitrofurantoin, and ciprofloxacin are not indicated in the empirical management of UTI in our institution, especially with the presence of urological risk factors.

Estudio de susceptibilidad a cefalosporinas de primera generación en enterobacterias aisladas de urocultivo, según criterios CLSI y EUCAST / Susceptibility to first-generation Cephalosporins in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from urine culture according to CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints

Resumen Actualmente se recomienda el uso de cefazolina para determinar la susceptibilidad a cefalosporinas orales de primera generación en cepas de enterobacterias en ITU no complicada. Nuestro objetivo fue establecer la susceptibilidad a cefalosporinas orales en cepas urinarias según puntos de corte para cefalotina o cefazolina y la correlación de susceptibilidad entre cefazolina y cefadroxilo. Se estudió la concordancia entre cefalotina y cefazolina en 52 cepas por método de Kirby-Bauer y Vitek XL. En Escherichia coli fue de 0% para VitekXL y 50% para Kirby-Bauer. La concordancia entre cefazolina y cefadroxilo fue 95,6%. En el laboratorio debiera usarse cefazolina para determinar susceptibilidad a cefalosporinas orales de primera generación. La concordancia entre cefazolina y cefadroxilo sugiere que cefazolina podría predecir susceptibilidad para cefadroxilo.

Currently, the use of cefazolin is recommended to determine the susceptibility to first-generation oral cephalosporins in strains of enterobacteria in uncomplicated UTI. We determined susceptibility differences to oral cephalosporins in urinary strains according to cefazolin or cefalotin breakpoints and the correlation of susceptibility between cefazolin and cefadroxil. We studied 52 strains with cefalotin and cefazolin by disk-diffusion and MIC (Kirby-Bauer and Vitek XL) and a subgroup by disk-diffusion for cefadroxil. Agreement among different methods was 100% for K. pneumoniae and Proteus spp. In Escherichia coli, agreement for Vitek and disk-diffusion were 0 and 50% respectively. Susceptibility to first generation cephalosporins in E. coli should be determined with cefazolin. Agreement between cefazolin and cefadroxil suggests that cefazolin could also predict the susceptibility of cefadroxil.

Changing trends in clinical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Klebsiella pneumoniae is second most common organism of gram-negative bacteremia in Korea and one of the most common cause of urinary tract infection, and intra-abdominal infection. METHODS: We compared clinical and microbiological characteristics about K. pneumoniae bacteremia in a tertiary hospital between 10 years. Group A is who had K. pneumoniae bacteremia at least one time from January 2004 to December 2005. Group B is from January 2012 to December 2013. We also analyzed antibiotic resistance, clinical manifestation of the K. pneumoniae bacteremia divided into community-acquired infections, healthcare associated infections, and nosocomial infections. RESULTS: The resistance for ampicillin, aztreonam, cefazolin, and cefotaxime significantly increased compared to 10 years ago. Extended spectrum β-lactamase positivity surged from 4.3% to 19.6%. Ten years ago, 1st, 2nd cephalosporin, and aminoglycoside were used more as empirical antibiotics. But these days, empirical antibiotics were broad spectrum such as 3rd and 4th cephalosporin. In treatment outcome, acute kidney injury decreased from 47.5% to 28.7%, and mortality decreased from 48.9% to 33.2%. In community-acquired infections, there was similar in antimicrobial resistance and mortality. In healthcare-associated and nosocomial infections, there was significantly increasing in antibiotic resistance, decreasing in mortality, and acute kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS: In community-acquired infections, broader antibiotics were more used than 10 years ago despite of similar antimicrobial resistance. When K. pneumoniae bacteremia is suspected, we recommend to use the narrow spectrum antibiotics as initial therapy if there are no healthcare-associated risk factors, because the antibiotic resistance is similar to 10 years ago in community-acquired infections.

The potential role of amlodipine on experimentally induced bacterial rhinosinusitis / O papel potencial da amlodipina na rinossinusite bacteriana induzida experimentalmente

Abstract Introduction: Antibiotics are frequently used for the treatment of rhinosinusitis. Concerns have been raised regarding the adverse effects of antibiotics and growing resistance. The lack of development of new antibiotic compounds has increased the necessity for exploration of non-antibiotic compounds that have antibacterial activity. Amlodipine is a non-antibiotic compound with anti-inflammatory activity. Objective: In this study we aimed to investigate the potential role of amlodipine in the treatment of rhinosinusitis by evaluating its effects on tissue oxidative status, mucosal histology and inflammation. Methods: Fifteen adult albino guinea pigs were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus and treated with saline, cefazolin sodium, or amlodipine for 7 days. The control group was composed by five healthy guinea pigs. Animals were sacrificed after the treatment. Histopathological changes were identified using Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. Inflammation was assessed by Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte infiltration density. Tissue levels of antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, glutathione) and an oxidative product (malondialdehyde) were determined. Results: In rhinosinusitis induced animals, amlodipine reduced loss of cilia, lamina propria edema and collagen deposition compared to placebo (saline) and although not superior to cefazolin, amlodipine decreased polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration. The superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels were reduced, whereas the malondialdehyde levels were increased significantly in all three-treatment groups compared to the control group. Amlodipine treated group showed significantly increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels and decreased malondialdehyde levels compared to all treatment groups. Conclusion: The non-antibiotic compound amlodipine may have a role in acute rhinosinusitis treatment through tissue protective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Resumo Introdução: Antibióticos são frequentemente usados para o tratamento de rinossinusite. Questões têm sido levantadas sobre os efeitos adversos dos antibióticos e a resistência crescente. A falta de desenvolvimento de novos compostos antibióticos aumentou a necessidade da exploração de compostos não antibióticos que têm atividade antibacteriana. A amlodipina é um composto não antibiótico com atividade anti-inflamatória. Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar o papel potencial da amlodipina no tratamento da rinossinusite, avaliando seus efeitos sobre o estado oxidativo do tecido, histologia da mucosa e inflamação. Método: Quinze cobaias albinas adultas foram inoculadas com Staphylococcus aureus e tratadas com solução salina, cefazolina ou amlodipina durante sete dias. O grupo controle incluiu cinco cobaias saudáveis. Os animais foram sacrificados após o tratamento. Alterações histopatológicas foram identificadas com a coloração de hematoxilina-eosina. A inflamação foi avaliada pela densidade de infiltração de leucócitos polimorfonucleares. Foram determinados os níveis teciduais de antioxidantes (superóxido dismutase, glutationa) e um produto de oxidação (malondialdeído). Resultados: Em animais com rinossinusite induzida, a amlodipina reduziu a perda dos cílios, edema da lâmina própria e deposição de colágeno em comparação com o grupo placebo (solução salina) e embora não seja superior à cefazolina, a amlodipina diminuiu a infiltração de leucócitos polimorfonucleares. Os níveis de atividade da superóxido dismutase e glutationa foram reduzidos, enquanto os níveis de malondialdeído aumentaram significativamente nos três grupos de tratamento em comparação ao grupo controle. O grupo tratado com amlodipina apresentou aumento significante dos níveis de superóxido dismutase e glutationa e diminuição dos níveis de malondialdeído em comparação com todos os grupos de tratamento. Conclusão: O composto não antibiótico amlodipina pode ter um papel no tratamento da rinossinusite aguda através de mecanismos protetores de tecido, antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórios.

Cefazolin concentration in the mediastinal adipose tissue of patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Abstract Objective: To measure the concentration of cefazolin in the anterior mediastinal adipose tissue of patients undergoing cardiac surgery, determining the variation of cefazolin concentration. Methods: Two samples of approximately 1g of subcutaneous tissue were collected from 19 patients who underwent surgery in December 2015: the first sample was collected right after sternotomy and the second one, before sternal synthesis with steel wires. Antibiotic dosage was administered through high performance liquid chromatography. Results: We observed a positive and statistically significant correlation between time 1 and cefazolin concentration (r=0.489 and P=0.039). For time 2 and cefazolin concentration, there was a negative and statistically significant correlation between both variables (r=-0.793 and P<0.001). A negative correlation was also observed between body mass index and cefazolin concentration at time 2 (r=-0.510 and P=0.031). The regression model showed that every 1-minute increase in time 1 corresponded to an increase of 0.240 µg/dL in cefazolin concentration, whereas every 1-minute increase in time 2 corresponded to a reduction of 0.046 µg/dL in cefazolin concentration. As for body mass index, every 1 kg/m2 increase corresponded to a reduction of about 0.510 µg/dL in cefazolin concentration. Conclusion: There was a positive and significant correlation between the initial time of surgery and cefazolin level in the first dosage. The evaluation of the second dosage showed a negative and significant correlation between cefazolin level and the second time of dosage. The concentration of cefazolin is under the influence of body mass index.

Characterization of Clostridium difficile Strains Isolated from Patients with C. difficile-associated Disease in Korea

OBJECTIVES: Studies on Clostridium difficile are rare in Korea. We investigated the epidemiological characteristics of C. difficile isolates from patients with C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD) in Korea. METHODS: Multiplex polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the presence of tcdA and tcdB toxin genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out by the disk-dilution method. C. difficile strains were subtyped by automated repetitive-element palindromic PCR (rep-PCR). RESULTS: Among patients with CDAD, 73 (25.8%), 32 (11.3%), 32 (11.3%), and 26 (9.2%) suffered from pneumonia, cancer or neoplasm, diabetes, and colitis, respectively. Of all stool samples, 43 samples (15.2%) were positive for C. difficile strains. We observed two expression patterns of toxin genes: tcdA+/tcdB+ (86% isolates) and tcdA−/tcdB+ (14% isolates), with all isolates expressing tcdB. Furthermore, some isolates were resistant to clindamycin (65%), ampicillin (56%), and cefazolin (40%), but all were susceptible to vancomycin and metronidazole. The tested samples were classified into diverse clusters using automated rep-PCR. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed the characteristics and antibiotic resistance of C. difficile isolates from patients in Korea. The epidemiological data may provide valuable insight into development of treatment strategies for C. difficile infections in Korea.

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli ST131 in urinary tract infections in children / 소아과

PURPOSE: Escherichia coli sequence type (ST) 131, a multidrug-resistant clone causing extraintestinal infections, has rapidly become prevalent worldwide. However, the epidemiological and clinical features of pediatric infections are poorly understood. We aimed to explore the characteristics of ST131 Escherichia coli isolated from Korean children with urinary tract infections. METHODS: We examined 114 uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolates from children hospitalized at Chung-Ang University Hospital between 2011 and 2014. Bacterial strains were classified into STs by partial sequencing of seven housekeeping genes (adk, fumC, gyrB, icd, mdh, purA, and recA). Clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility were compared between ST131 and non-ST131 UPEC isolates. RESULTS: Sixteen UPEC isolates (14.0%) were extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producers; 50.0% of ESBL-producers were ST131 isolates. Of all the isolates tested, 13.2% (15 of 114) were classified as ST131. There were no statistically significant associations between ST131 and age, sex, or clinical characteristics, including fever, white blood cell counts in urine and serum, C-reactive protein, radiologic abnormalities, and clinical outcome. However, ST131 isolates showed significantly lower rates of susceptibility to cefazolin (26.7%), cefotaxime (40.0%), cefepime (40.0%), and ciprofloxacin (53.3%) than non-ST131 isolates (65.7%, 91.9%, 92.9%, and 87.9%, respectively; P<0.001 for all). ESBL was more frequently produced in ST131 (53.3%) than in non-ST131 (8.1%) isolates (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: ST131 E. coli isolates were prevalent uropathogens in children at a single medical center in Korea between 2011 and 2014. Although ST131 isolates showed higher rates of antimicrobial resistance, clinical presentation and outcomes of patients were similar to those of patients infected with non-ST131 isolates.

Nodular Vasculitis Associated with Cefazolin / 대한피부과학회지

No abstract available.